Statecraft and economics is still a worthy discipline not only for well meaning blacks who will, as a black with well meaning, actually do all his work and learn a little somethin' somethin'. The problem with the population is that the focus of many with the mind is on social authority and hegemony with a team dynamic and why should you need to do any economic work , learning something in a school when you can just pick up a book written by a white man allegedly and put it on a shelf behind you and you have your white social authority; your white hegemony; your social cover and your blanket. But, maybe you need more than a book cover on a shelf for your daily activities. It could be that the airline stewardess may know many more things than you do and you seem to not know how to argue for your free extra baggage included in your tickets. Statecraft and Economics are requisite, helpful subjects for the heirs of Arby's Franchises. I own ten; good deal and good value. You are going to be the leader some day; of a large customer savvy food service force in your own big big kingdom from sea to sea and how will you handle resistance from one measly franchise manager who was elected by the staff in your more democratic system of promotion. He seems to think you need to come and implement the new more universal free flow soda machines your self. He thinks you are black. Even if you are, you forget he is on your contract and he is now breaching the terms. When does an elected employee threaten a King? The father said he did not want his son too...too big. But, then in the end the father said he is not sure if he is in fact the father because the son was not as big as him and was angry with himself for feeding the boy some poison and then not knowing what he wanted. His ultimate goal was to have more than the wife when they die since how could she enter eternity with more than him? It was more evident as they approached the end of life after 80 years old where they lived in Lacerate; drugging her and poisoning her so that she became nothing but "fool fool" and a broad foot bitch as he would call her everyday. The daughter helped him with his master plan as the daughter left her job in a European country only to provoke her mother's death. She was fired actually after making a plan with a Pastor from the JW community who was pretending to be Pentecostal. The Sans Souci approach to economics might be seen in a schematic that says you don't want the people to feel too good so the support is provided at $17500.00 dollars or pounds if they finish High School and $13500.00 dollars or pounds if they do not. The government also will only collect 17.5% sales tax because you don't want the government to feel too big and it will have to rely on Europe etc to maintain its operations. But, there is something more here. I am a mulatto. It is more fashionable to be around Chinese people today according to my self loathing in front of a Lexus Dealership soooo bring ALLLLLLL of Asia. I am a mulatto. Now that a week has passed, it is more fashionable to be around black people today though; can you get Jiggy with me! Let me feed you with a spoon because you resent your father; a good man running fine establishments. I sent him a gift. You drugged up his daughter and he is going to kill you and take your tires once a month. We are all guests here in North America except for those who can truly call this North America their native land with part native ancestry or full native ancestry. Maybe you are a 600th generation native that was born in India in an ongoing project to rebrand the native tongue and culture and has now come to North America to live in a former native reserve north of that city in that state or north of some city; we don't know. Maybe you are a 600th generation native that was born in China in an ongoing project to rebrand the native tongue and culture and has now come to North America to live in a former native reserve north of that city in that state or north of some city a nd you open 1000's of Asian restaurants within a 2 km radius; we don't know but in either case, your native land where you have now returned to call it your home and raise a family does not pay you an income support in that particular territory in the usual sense. You rely on your support from Asia. It does not pay the white Aboriginal either. Maybe the hegemony you are seeking is that of the Court Jester school dropout vs. the world and that is why your economy looks and feels like the Court Jester's art project from Sans Souci. This is not the economy the Monarch is looking for and nor is it what they have ordered but the resistance, manifesting in a broken economy is evident. there is something that could be done. A lot of white people have had to move and make arrangements to live in another country when it might have been helpful if they could transfer their health card details to another province or region or state and receive health benefits and income support as well as a temporary address from that more compliant part of the country. There is more. Click here.
Gain of function research (GoFR) is a field of medical research focused on the serial passaging of microorganisms in vitro and in vivo. This places positive selective pressure on the microorganisms to effect mutations that would increase their pathogenicity, transmissibility, and antigenicity. These studies can also expand the host tropism of a pathogen to new host species or organ tissue. This research is intended to reveal targets to better predict emerging infectious diseases and to develop vaccines and therapeutics.
In virology, gain-of-function research is employed with the intention of better understanding current and future pandemics.[1] In vaccine development, gain-of-function research is conducted in the hope of gaining a head start on a virus and being able to develop a vaccine or therapeutic before it emerges.[1]
History[edit]
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In February 2000, a group at the Utrecht University led by Peter Rottier published a paper on their gain-of-function studies titled "Retargeting of Coronavirus by Substitution of the Spike Glycoprotein Ectodomain: Crossing the Host Cell Species Barrier" detailing how they constructed a mutant of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus, replacing the ectodomain of the spike glycoprotein (S) with the highly divergent ectodomain of the S protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus. According to the paper, "the resulting chimeric virus, designated fMHV, acquired the ability to infect feline cells and simultaneously lost the ability to infect murine cells in tissue culture".[2]
The World Health Organization in 2010 developed a "guidance document" for Dual Use Research of Concern (DURC) in the life sciences because "research that is intended [to] benefit, but which might easily be misapplied to do harm".[3]
In May 2012, a Japanese group of scientists operating out of the University of Wisconsin with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, ERATO, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and support gifts from the National Institutes of Health and the Vietnamese National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology published a paper in the journal Nature about airborne transmission of the H5N1 bird flu introduced via respiratory droplet transmission from one ferret to another. The group "had altered the virus’s amino acid profile, allowing it to reproduce in mammal lungs, which are a bit colder than bird lungs. That small change allowed the virus to be transmitted via coughing and sneezing, and it solved the riddle of how H5N1 could become airborne in humans... (Some) members of Congress, among other critics around the world, responded to the publication of the research with alarm and condemnation." A New York Times editorial described the event as "An Engineered Doomsday."[4][5]
In May 2013, Hualan Chen, who was then director of the China's National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, and colleagues successfully created a new strain of influenza virus through a gain-of-function experiment at the BSL3 approved Harbin Veterinary Research Institute.[6] The Chinese scientists "deliberately mixed the H5N1 bird-flu virus, which is highly lethal [to birds] but not easily transmitted between [humans], with a 2009 strain of H1N1 flu virus, which is very infectious to humans."[7] This event caused consternation in European biotech circles, as Professor Simon Wain-Hobson of the Pasteur Institute the Chinese scientists "haven’t been thinking clearly about what they are doing. It’s very worrying... The virological basis of this work is not strong. It is of no use for vaccine development and the benefit in terms of surveillance for new flu viruses is oversold," while Lord May of Oxford said: "The record of containment in labs like this is not reassuring. They are taking it upon themselves to create human-to-human transmission of very dangerous viruses. It’s appallingly irresponsible."[7]
In May 2014, the Bundestag was presented a report written by the National Ethics Council on proposed guidance for governance of GoFR.[8] At the time, some in Germany were concerned over "GoFR pathogenic pandemic microbes raging out of control".[8] Epidemiologist Marc Lipsitch used "data of past biosafety breaches to calculate that" they occur with a probability "of 0.01 to 0.1 percent per lab per year."[8]
In October 2014, The White House under the Obama administration instituted a moratorium on gain-of-function research into influenza, MERS, and SARS, launched inquiries from the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP); the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB); and the symposia by National Research Council (NRC),[9] and paused funding for all projects for three years.[10][11][12][13] At least 18 GoFR projects were affected, "including work that had been continued ... in the labs of Fouchier and Kawaoka."[8]
In December 2014, Veronique Kiermer (at the time on the editorial board of Nature) discussed the considerations at her place of employment, that go into the publication of DURC. She came to the conclusion that "the journal's editorial and review boards should not (and could not) be the only gatekeepers who decide which research results should be published, either fully or redacted, 'because it is way too late in the process of GoFR.'"[8]
In December 2014, the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine organized a two-day symposium to discuss the potential risks and benefits of Gain-of-Function Research. The event was attended by scientists from around the world, including George Gao, Gabriel Leung and Michael Selgelid, Baruch Fischhoff, Alta Charo, Harvey Fineberg, Jonathan Moreno, Ralph Cicerone, Margaret Hamburg, Jo Handelsman, Samuel Stanley, Kenneth Berns, Ralph Baric, Robert Lamb, Silja Vöneky, Keiji Fukuda, David Relman, and Marc Lipsitch.[14] One day later, the US government granted exceptions to the GoFR moratorium to seven out of 18 research projects that had been affected.[8]
In 2016, synthetic virology scientists and bioethics experts again raised concerns with the dual-use of gain-of-function research.[1][13]
By March 2016 the second symposium launched by the Obama administration reported that funding for gain-of-function research was provided by government agencies, pharmaceutical research companies, venture capital funds, colleges and universities, non-profit research institutions, foundations, and charities.[15]
In May 2016,[16] the NSABB published "Recommendations for the Evaluation and Oversight of Proposed Gain-of-Function Research".[17]
On 9 January 2017, the HHS published the "Recommended Policy Guidance for Departmental Development of Review Mechanisms for Potential Pandemic Pathogen Care and Oversight" (P3CO).[16]
On 19 December 2017 under the Trump administration, the NIH lifted the Obama moratorium into GoFR because it was deemed to be "important in helping us identify, understand, and develop strategies and effective countermeasures against rapidly evolving pathogens that pose a threat to public health,"[18] because on the same day the HHS P3CO Framework restored it.[19][18]
Society and culture[edit]
The 2014 Hannover symposium summary mentioned the 1962 play by Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Die Physiker, in which a character named Mobius (who is one of the titular physicists) feigned insanity when he realized that his basic research might have an alternative use, [and therefore] he committed himself to an asylum to protect the world from his knowledge.[8]
During the COVID-19 pandemic a number of conspiracy theories spread about the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and were sometimes deployed as a form of political propaganda. Virologist Angela Rasmussen wrote that one version of the misinformation invoked previous gain-of-function work on coronaviruses to promulgate the idea that the virus was of laboratory origin. Rasmussen stated that this was unlikely, due to the intense scrutiny and government oversight to which GoFR is subject, and it is improbable that research on hard-to obtain coronaviruses could occur under the radar.[20]
The Wuhan Institute of Virology has openly participated in gain of function research in partnership with US universities and institutions.[21]
Biorisk concern[edit]
In December 2014, a three-day symposium was organized by the Volkswagen Foundation with the Max Planck Society at Hanover, Germany. Concerns were "raised that the GoFR strains themselves were a threat to public health in two ways: First, because the knowledge of how to tweak an influenza virus into a potential pandemic pathogen (PPP) could be used by bioterrorists or for biological warfare purposes. Second, because the tweaked viruses could escape (or could be stolen) from the laboratory and could cause a pandemic."[8]
Volker Stollorz maintained at the symposium that "the public knows that with the ever-increasing experimental power and the growing diversity of scientific disciplines nobody can claim to grasp precisely what may happen." Said Stollorz: "Researchers who want to perform experiments creating man-made, new, more virulent, and transmissible microbial life forms not existing in nature have to first and foremost acknowledge the existence of the society they experiment in." A reporter at the forum characterized the problem thusly: "Societies need time to understand and digest the new science because the regulation has to adapt constantly to the new realities made possible by scientists."[8]
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